Follow the research journey from the infrastructure-driven ICT era to today’s AI-augmented, sustainability-aware digital economy. This topic consolidates conceptual milestones, publication trends, and measurement gaps to ground the rest of Module 8.
The Chart.js timeline below approximates publication attention across four eras. Toggle the series to explore how the research frontier shifted from infrastructure deployment to platform effects, AI compute, and sustainability externalities.
Research centred on closing connectivity gaps, measuring telecom investment, and quantifying e-commerce revenues. National statistics offices launched ICT satellite accounts, while scholars tracked how fibre roll-out and deregulation affected productivity.
Platform economics reframed the digital economy as multi-sided markets dominated by data-rich intermediaries. Research pivoted toward governance, algorithmic power, and intangible value creation.
AI compute, sustainability externalities, and digital sovereignty define the contemporary agenda. Scholars model compute concentration, circularity metrics, and environmental rebound effects alongside inclusion goals.
The definitional perimeter of the digital economy has expanded from sector-based ICT classifications to a systemic view covering platforms, AI compute, data capital, and sustainability externalities. Frameworks such as the UNCTAD digital economy taxonomy, OECD Going Digital action plan, and CADiS circularity framework highlight how infrastructure, data governance, and environmental constraints are now inseparable.
Early OECD guidelines limited measurement to ICT-producing sectors and e-commerce transactions. By 2024, policy guidance and research practice treat the digital economy as the organising logic of production, emphasising data, compute, talent, and environmental throughput.
Successor frameworks integrate data satellite accounts, compute equity indicators, and sustainability KPIs alongside traditional access and usage metrics. Bibliometric studies since 2020 show a 3× increase in publications referencing “compute intensity” and “AI carbon footprint”.
Even as the literature globalises, data scarcity outside OECD economies persists. Bibliometric maps reveal a tri-polar concentration (United States, European Union, China) with limited representation from Africa, Latin America, and small island states. This creates blind spots across informal digital activity, locally relevant ESG benchmarks, and affordability indicators.
Oloyede et al. (2023) call for a Digital Economy Advisory Board (DEAB) to coordinate standards, invest in statistical capacity, and harmonise definitions for the Global South. Without targeted data strategies, measurement remains biased toward high-income infrastructures and formal sectors.
Cross-border data flows remain poorly recorded: balance-of-payments statistics exclude API-based flows and user-generated value.
Sustainability metrics (PUE, water, circularity) are missing from most national DESI/NRI dashboards.
Skills & affordability indicators lack demographic granularity, obscuring gender, youth, and disability divides.
Emerging research agendas emphasise agentic AI systems, compute equity, planetary boundaries, and meaningful participation. Interdisciplinary teams now integrate life-cycle assessment, econometric productivity analysis, digital rights frameworks, and computational social science to address holistic digital transformation.
Model training costs exceeded $100M for frontier systems in 2024. Less than 5% of academic labs can access comparable compute (AI Index, 2024), motivating public compute hubs and shared GPU pools.
The CADiS framework proposes six integrated sustainability metrics (energy, PUE, emissions, water, circularity, renewable share). Rebound effects can offset 10–60% of efficiency gains, requiring whole-system measurement.
New institutional forms—data trusts, cooperatives, localisation statutes—reshape value capture. Measurement must account for jurisdictional fragmentation and privacy-enhancing computation.
“Meaningful connectivity” metrics extend beyond access to capability, affordability, and agency. Projects like the WEF’s EDISON Alliance target one billion additional participants by 2025.